Outline, Introduction, Works Consulted, & Title Page Assignment

Outline, Introduction, Works Consulted, & Title Page - Assignment Example At the end of the paper the hope is that a more nuanced overall perspective of Hoover Dam is achieved, to inform policy and general thinking about the future of the dam and the prospects of the dam in context with the future of the United States (A&E Television Networks; Davis et al; Finn; Hiltzik; Wiltshire), Angelier, Jacques et al. â€Å"Neogene paleostress changes in the Basin and Range: A case study at Hoover Dam, Nevada-Arizona†. The Geological Society of America Bulletin. 2013. Web. 27 October 2013. Davis, Raymond et al. Cement Investigations for the Hoover Dam†. Journal Proceedings of the American Concrete Institute 29. 1 June 1933. Web. 14 October 2013. Finn, Matt. â€Å"See and Learn the History of the Hoover Dam, despite the slimdown. Fox News. 9 October 2013. Web. 14 October 2013. Haven, Janet. â€Å"The Hoover Dam: Lonely Lands Made Beautiful†. The University of Virginia American Studies Program. n.d. Web. 28 October 2013. Koch, Wendy. â€Å"Climate change will disrupt US energy supply, report says†. USA Today. 2013. Web. 28 October 2013. Paulson, Larry et al. â€Å"The Limnological status of Lake Mead and Lake Mohave under present and future powerplant operations of Hoover Dam†. UNLV. 1980. Web. 28 October 2013. Wiltshire, Richard, Gilbert, David and Rogers, Gerry. Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium: Proceedings of the Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium, October 21-22, 2010, Las Vegas, Nevada. 2011. ASCE

The Plight of the Mentally Ill Homeless in the US Essay Example for Free

The Plight of the Mentally Ill Homeless in the US Essay Introduction The issue of homelessness in the US has been of serious concern since the 1980s when the problem first became apparent. Budget deficits, brought about by massive diversions to military spending, forced a cutback on most social services. Today, approximately 7% of the population has been homeless at least once in their lives. Estimates place the number of people who experience homelessness each year at 3 million, more than half of which are families with children. (Donohoe, 2004) Of that number, roughly 25% have serious and chronic mental problems. (Mental Illness and Homelessness, 2006) The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical and social context to homelessness in the US, with particular focus on the mentally ill. Current statistics and demographics for the mentally-ill homeless will also be presented followed by an analysis of programs currently being undertaken with regards to this sector of the population. The Numbers The homeless population can be divided into three types based on how long and often they are homeless. About 80% are temporarily homeless, those who experience a single, short period (about two weeks) of homelessness that is not repeated. The episodically homeless (approximately 10% of the homeless population) are also short-term spells of homelessness but may be repeated at unpredictable intervals over a period of time. The chronically homeless, 10% of the population, request the use of homeless assistance facilities and services over a protracted period at frequent intervals. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003) Overall, 39% have reported mental illness of which 25% are considered seriously ill. Among the last group, 50% are mentally ill or with substance abuse problems. This translates to approximately 150,000 chronically homeless, mentally ill people at any given time, and the mentally ill homeless have the most difficulty in relinquishing assistance programs. Of this population, 23% are veterans. (National Mental Health Information Center, 2003) Characteristics of the homeless mentally ill The mentally ill are often have been institutionalized at some point in their lives, and may have been involuntarily committed or have received treatment unsuitable for their condition. Since they are not completely functional because of their disability and poor hygiene, they tend to be prone to physical ailments, such as respiratory disease, HIV, and tuberculosis, that remain untreated until an advanced stage, if not death. They are usually members of a community that have become alienated from friends and family because of their disability and institutionalization, losing whatever support system they may have had. Many have been charged with misdemeanors, and their life expectancy is approximately 45 years. (National Mental Health Information Center 2003) Causes of homelessness among the mentally ill The 1960s saw an initiative to reduce the number of mental hospitals in the US because of reports that patients were receiving indifferent treatment, and to transfer the institutionalized to community-based treatment centers. However, practically all states where unable to provide adequate facilities for the accommodation of the released patients. Many were reduced to becoming homeless. (Peirce, 2001) In the 1980s, budget constraints forced even more premature releases from managed care of people suffering from schizophrenia or manic depression, overburdening an already bogged-down system. In a study of 187 released patients from Metropolitan State Hospital in Massachusetts, 27% had been homeless for more than 6 months, 66% of whom having no access to proper medication. There are more untreated mental cases in the population than the 90,000 receiving treatment in hospitals. In Berkeley, California, as many as 500 mentally ill people wander the city on any given night. (Homelessness: Tragic Side Effect of Non-Treatment, 2003) Federal assistance programs are often inadequate to provide housing for this disabled population, and rising housing costs make it difficult even for mentally stable people to obtain suitable housing. Mentally ill people are less likely to obtain steady employment and, though having no need for long-term institutionalization, are in need of regular access to treatment and rehabilitation services in order to function independently. The paucity of community-based health centers and suitable housing facilities increases the risk of homelessness for the mentally ill. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006) Homelessness is mostly associated in urban areas (Armour, 2003), 71% in cities, 21% in the suburbs and 9% in rural (National Mental Health Information Center, 2003). It is therefore mainly for city officials to address the problem of homelessness, especially the mentally ill who are most vulnerable to chronic homelessness and most in need of city social services. However, the response of most cities is to make it a crime to be homeless, and many of the mentally ill homeless are incarcerated in conditions that will only worsen their condition. In the Twin Towers jail in Los Angeles, commonly referred to as the biggest jail in the world, 2,000 of the inmates are mentally ill, some imprisoned for many years for minor transgressions. Police authorities often have no other place to put them but in jail. (Campbell, 2003) Homeless people with mental disorders are not only more likely to die from poor physical health as a consequence of their disability, they are more likely to be raped, die from accidents and exposure to the elements, and murdered. There is a tendency for the general population to shun the homeless because of fear and intolerance for perceived laziness, and the mentally ill homeless are regarded as dangerous and unpredictable. Many treat the mentally ill homeless as sub-humans. (Homelessness: Tragic Side Effect of Non-Treatment, 2003) Initiatives Undertaken for the Mentally Ill Homeless The U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs has provided one of the largest percentages of public health care in the US, accommodating more than 8% of inpatient psychiatric care. Since 23% of the homeless mentally-ill population is veterans, the provision of such targeted psychiatric services to an at-risk population is a positive factor in the fight against the increase of the homeless mentally-ill. (Gamache, Rosenbeck and Tessler, 2000) However, for the other sectors of the homeless population, the Veterans Affairs program does not apply. In efforts to provide a more comprehensive blueprint for address the issue of the homeless mentally ill, several studies have been undertaken. A two-year University of Pennsylvania study published in the Housing Policy Debate of 5,000 homeless with serious mental problems in New York stated that it cost the same amount in public dollars to provide supportive housing, health services and employment assistance to the mentally ill as to provide social services to homeless people for the same period. (Franzen, 2001) The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) initiated the federal Continuum Care Program to combat homelessness, the core of which is called the Continuum of Care Initiative, which began a study of 4,000 homeless people in 1996 aimed at identifying factors that pertain to homelessness in the US. The HUD released the report entitled â€Å"The Forgotten Americans Homelessness: Programs and the People They Serve† in 2000. It was reported that 39% of the subjects were mentally ill. The report identified the primary goal of the homeless (find employment) and how much of the population reacted favorably (76% who lived as families and 60% who lived alone ended homelessness) to access to housing, health care and other needed services. The report outlined strategies that resulted in a US$45 million additional funding for homeless programs in 2000 and helped finance housing, employment and other self-sufficiency programs for 300,000 homeless people. (Tyler, 2002). In 2003, the U. S.Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) followed up on the HUD initiative and submitted a report that showed that health care costs of a homeless medically-ill person was US$ 11,000 more a year than that of the same person after being provided with suitable housing. The Needs of a Chronically Homeless Person Cross Many Service System Boundaries Source: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003). Ending Chronic Homelessness: Strategies for Action. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://aspe. hhs.gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htm#ch2 In response to these studies, the following services were identified as necessary for ending homelessness among medically ill people: information and referral; outreach and engagement; mental health and counseling services; inpatient services; income management and support; residential treatment services; discharge planning; life skills services; education and skills training; and employment services. With a time frame of 10 years, the HHS outlined three goals of the initiative: 1. Provide easier access for at-risk populations to treatment and support services by simplifying document requirements, increasing outreach programs and extending the period of eligibility for benefits. Strategies to assist service providers in carrying out the objectives of the assistance programs, such as inter-agency collaboration for data sharing, in-service training for mainstream service providers as well as a marriage of homeless-specific and mainstream service providers working in tandem to provide services for eligible patients are also suggested. 2. Promote efficiency and flexibility in allocating funds that address chronic homelessness by encouraging cooperation between concerned departments in the federal, state and local levels in terms of programs and service delivery. Incentives are to be formulated to encourage such collaboration, especially when it comes to mainstream and homeless-specific funding sources. The need for a coordinating body was pinpointed. 3. Reduce the number of the homeless population by identifying populations at risk (i. e.veterans, deinstitutionalized mental patients) and providing programs that would ensure the ability to acquire decent housing such as employment assistance and regular health monitoring. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003) The response at the city level, where the issue of the homeless is most pressing, has been mixed. Some cities still handle homelessness using punitive measures. In Sarasota, Florida, a person can be arrested for having no other place to live. Business leaders in Lawrence, Kansas, pressured city hall to curtail social services and pass ordinances targeted at the homeless. The anti-panhandling law in Atlanta, Georgia was imposed on a Hurricane Katrina evacuee after he was caught selling wares in an upper-class mall. Supportive housing was also banned within the city limits. In Little Rock, Arkansas, homeless people are not allowed on buses even if they have tickets, simply because they are homeless. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006) Other cities are more constructive. The Ft. Lauderdale police department and The Taskforce for Ending Homelessness, Inc.have teamed up to form the Homeless Outreach Team to provide social services and place the homeless in shelters in Broward County, Florida, cutting down the arrest record of the homeless by 2,400 annually in the 5 years of the program’s operation. The Homeless Outreach Psychiatric Evaluation Team in Pasadena, California is a partnership of the Pasadena Police Department and the Los Angeles Department of Health to provide mental health services to the homeless population. A tri-city cooperation in Ohio fund programs that provide social services at during off-hours to people ineligible for state assistance. The Homeless Court Program formed in 1989 in San Diego, California assists the homeless in resolving misdemeanor charges that prevent their access to benefits such as housing and employment. In Washington, D. C. , business owners solved the problem of the homeless wandering the street during the day when shelters are closed by establishing a day center that can accommodate 260 people where they can get a meal, shower and do laundry. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006) Proposed Plan for Community-Based Assessment Program. The following is a generic plan and timetable for a community-based program composed of volunteers in collaboration with local police authorities based on needs assessment criteria designed to assess the level of intervention required for a population of 5,000 residents. Recruitment and orientation of potential members through flyers and announcements at the community or city hall 1 month Data gathering on the homeless population based on arrest records and field research 3 months Tracking down identified homeless people and conducting interviews to identify perceived needs 6 months. Analysis of interviews by trained professionals for recommendations on the services needed for the target population 1 month Submission of results and recommendations of the study to the concerned city and community departments to acquire funding and other assistance 1 month The above plan will address the needs of a specific population with particular demographic and social factors that will determine the type and scale of social services, health management, housing and employment assistance that would most effectively eliminate the homeless mentally ill population. The smallness of the target population will make it more manageable, especially for volunteer organizations, and easier to acquire and manage funding for whatever needs that are identified. Conclusions Studies have shown what police authorities and social organizations have been pointing out for some time: the costs of incarcerating and treating mentally ill homeless people would be greatly reduced if they receive regular treatment and medication and provided with the ability to take themselves off the streets. (Campbell, 2003) This would mean more funds for more people receiving community-based health and housing privileges. The proposed plan for needs assessment is only the initial stage for providing for the homeless mentally ill at the community level for small populations. Many studies deal with the needs of a large population that may not be applicable in the micro-level, especially if the community in question has particular cultural and social issues unique to that community. It may also serve as a model to identify other subgroups of the homeless such as those substance abuse problems. It must be brought to the next level, actual service and support delivery. Many of the initiatives in all levels of public social service access are headed in the right direction, mostly as a result of recommendations from comprehensive studies of the issue. Inter-agency collaborations are providing good models for all communities to follow, but they are a handful compared to the magnitude of the problem at hand. More cooperation is needed to make effective use of funds, mainstream and homeless-specific service providers, law enforcement agencies and volunteer organizations. Moreover, the homeless mentally ill are still victims of public ridicule and loathing. People of the community must acknowledge that the most effective way to assist the homeless mentally off the streets and into productive lives is by providing social services, mental health access, employment assistance and supportive housing at the community level. In the long run, the most cost-effective way getting rid of them is to make them productive, functioning citizens. References Armour, S. (2003) Homelessness grows as more live check-to-check. USA Today.Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://www. usatoday. com/money/economy/2003-08-11-homeless_x. htm Campbell, D. (2003) 300,000 Mentally Ill in US Prisons. Common Dreams. org. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://www. commondreams. org/headlines03/0303-09. htm Donohoe, M. (2004) Homelessness in the United States. Medscape Ob/Gyn Women’s Health. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/481800 Franzen, H. (2001) Housing Mentally Ill Homeless People Makes Economic Sense. Scientific American Inc. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http://www.sciam. com/article. cfm? articleID=000EF22A-AA04-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F Gamache, G, Rosenbeck, R. and Tessler, R. (2000) Factors Predicting Choice of Provider Among Homeless Veterans With Mental Illness Psychiatric Services. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www. psychservices. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/full/51/8/1024 Homelessness: Tragic Side Effect of Non-Treatment (2003) Treatment Advocacy Center. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www. psychlaws. org/generalResources/fact11. htm Maleque, S. and Brennan, V. (n. d. ) Homeless Mentally Ill. Factline: Tracking Health in Undeserved Communities. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www. meharry. org/Fl/Mental_Health/Homeless_Mentally_Ill. html#mh%20disab National Coalition for the Homeless (2006) Mental Illness and Homelessness. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http://www. nationalhomeless. org/publications/facts/Mental_Illness. pdf National Coalition for the Homeless (2006) Report accuses US cities of criminalizing the homeless. City Mayors Society. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www. citymayors. com/society/homeless_usa2. html. National Mental Health Information Center (2003) Homelessness Provision of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://mentalhealth. samhsa. gov/publications/allpubs/homelessness/ Peirce, N. (2001) Help for the Mentally Ill Homeless: Rectifying a 30 Year Old Problem. Stateline. org. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://www. stateline. org/live/ViewPage. action? siteNodeId=136languageId=1contentId=14273 Tyler, R. (2002) Homeless in America. NewsHour Extra. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http://www. pbs. org/newshour/extra/features/july-dec02/homeless.html U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003) Ending Chronic Homelessness: Strategies for Action Chapter 2. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://aspe. hhs. gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htm#ch2 U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003) Ending Chronic Homelessness: Strategies for Action Chapter 5. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://aspe. hhs. gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htm#ch5 U. S. Departmentof Veterans Affairs (2006) Overview of Homelessness. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www1. va. gov/homeless/page. cfm? pg=1.

Causes and Effects of Sea Pollution

Causes and Effects of Sea Pollution Nowadays, the sea pollution becomes a serious problem for the whole world. When technology in this world grows to be more advance, the sea pollution will become more serious. â€Å"Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment.†(Pollution 2007) Sea pollution can cause many different problems. The problem inside that is damage the health and well of humans, plants and animals. Water from the sea is the primary source used by the human, animals and plants. So the sea is polluted will affect the organism in the sea and human was eating the organism in the sea. This will make the origination of serious disease to human and animals. When this problem was happen, this is damage the ecosystem in whole world. In some areas of the world, seas have become so polluted that ecosystems are in danger. Pure, the sea is unpolluted can balance the ecosystem of this wor ld. In this modern, many human have understood the problem of sea and other water pollution. Some of these human are taking steps to clean up the polluted sea. (TED Analysis Cases 2007) This will help the human to have clean sea and the sea life have clean habitat. But this must use many ways and high cost to clear the sea and the water, so most of the action cannot successfully be taking. Before the human clean up the polluted sea, they must understand all of the causes and effects of sea pollution. The sea pollution is caused by oil spill, ship pollution and sewage therefore the impact toward the sea are marine pollution, hypoxia and water quality. The first cause that leads to sea pollution is oil spill. â€Å"An oil spill is the unintentional release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment as a result of human activity.†(Oil spill 2007) The factory of petroleum often pollutes water bodies 1 in the form of oil. This is the mistake of human that they cannot control the oil spill from the factory. There was one estimate is that oil transported for every million ton is spilled one ton of oil. The oil mostly comes from tankers which wash out their holds at the same time as out at sea to save time in port. Enforcement of laws relating to the discarding of oil is difficult rests with the captain of each tanker to follow the law.   There was also have many case of accident was happen cause the sea pollution. For the case, â€Å"in January of 1993, an oil tanker ran aground off the Shetland Islands, Scotland in the United Kingdom. Oil from this tanker spilled into the sea water surrounding the Shetland Islands .† (TED Analysis Cases 2007) Other than that, the ship pollution was cause the sea pollution. Ship can pollute the sea in many ways. When the ship is shipping in the sea, it will discard some waste material like the oil. Most of the ship spill out the oil into sea. In this modern world, the quantity of the ship increase to use in the trade. So the increasing ship in the sea ports, pollution from the ship becomes more serious. Some of the ship will carry the chemical was spill out the chemical into sea. This is because the human cannot take the action to control the chemical spill out. The chemical was spill out is very poison. Even though it was only some chemical spill into the sea, but the chemical is pollute the sea seriously. The second cause that leads to sea pollution is chemical pollution. Usually this type of pollution is making by the unconscionable human. Some of the factory waste out released into the sea. Everyday there are many case of this type pollution. Enforcement of law relating to the discarding of chemical into sea is very difficult rest with the owner of the factory to follow the law. Owner of the factory did not use another way to discarding the chemical. This is because use another ways must use the high cost to solve that 2 problem. For example, if the factory wants to hide the chemical on the land, they must buy a big land to solve this problem. This is because this chemical will affect the health of human, plants and animals. The waste out by factory is very poisonous especially from the industrial of car, plastic and others. This chemical was waste are include the nitrogen, toxic and phosphorous compounds into the bodies of water. These chemicals do serious damage to marine life. Fo r the cases, â€Å"as recently as 1995, all of the factories in Hong Kong dumped their detergents, toxic chemicals, and waste water into the territorys port. This has caused serious water pollution in the Hong Kong port.† (TED Analysis Cases 2007) Other than that, waste released from the farm is the one of the cause sea pollution. The farm will discard the water after into the sea. For example, the chicken will discard the waste after use to wash the farm into sea. The water have use is very dirty and include some chemical, oil and toxin. Most of the owner of the farm did not discard the waste with true way. This is because the owner of the farm does not have more money to solve this problem. Another ways to handle the waste must use the high cost, the farm is only a small business. The profit of they get from the farm are only a few, that is not enough to handle the waste. Another cause is the sewage. There are many country was built the sewage pipeline because the human thought that the sea would reduce the sewage. (Sea Pollution 2007) If there are too much sewage discards into the sea, this will pollute the sea. In this modern world, there are many countries in development. Development of country has many of sewage. This is because develop the country will make built the bridge, building and others. The human will discard the sewage into the sea, so the sea pollution was become more serious in most of the country in entire world. For example, the Danes and 3 Swedes are built a bridge to their nations which can cross to make possible communication between the nations. (TED Analysis Cases 2007) When they built the bridge, they will flow the untreated sewage into the bodies of the sea. This is cause the sea pollution seriously. Some of the countries are no enough land; they will fill up the sea to build the house and the factory. For example, there was a case in Malaysia, which is Melaka State was fill up the sea to built the house, office and others. When they fill up the sea, the material inside that was pollute the sea. Other sewage is untreated trash which dumped by human into bodies of the sea. Trash is usually dumped by the households, restaurant and individuals. The trash will go into the sea by the sewage pipeline. Everyday there are many household and individual dumped the trash into bodies of the sea because the human have many things after use want to dump. Some of the trash that human dumped cannot dissolve by the water especially the trash make from the plastic such as fishing line, floats, plastic six pack holders and more. Those causes of sea pollution have many effect, one of them is marine pollution. The effects of the oil spill on marine life are the rare animal become extinct. The oil spill will make the oxygen in the sea decrease and make the sea become very dirty. After the oil spill pollutes the sea, the animals will move their habitat to other place. When they move to other place, they will easily to catch by the human. For the rare animals, it will become extinct. For example, the sea turtle move the habitat; it will go to another beach. This will make they easily catch by human. Some of the animals move the habitat to other place but they will go to wrong way will make them to death. For example, the whale move the habitat but it go to sea is shallow, this will make it death. This is because the size of whale is big so it cannot go to the shallow. The whale is one of the rare 4 animals which we must protect them. So we cannot pollute the sea. Other than that, the steps taking by human to clea n up the sea was polluted will affect the habitat of the sea life. Oil spill can cause the human reluctant to buy marine product whether those product are stained. (Effect of marine oil spill 2007) This is because after the sea pollution, most of the human will thought the entire marine product was stained. The economic of the country will be decrease. Another effect of oil spill is damage the ecosystem in the sea. After oil spill pollute the sea, the oxygen in the sea will be decrease. So some of animals and plants in the sea was become extinct, this will affect the other animals cannot find their food to eat. The ecosystem is very important. So the human must taking steps to stop pollute the bodies of the sea. The second effect of the sea pollution is hypoxia. Hypoxia means the lack of oxygen from the air go in the bodies of the sea. Hypoxia will happen when the chemical pollution. The sea was polluting by chemical, oxygen difficult to go in the sea bodies. So suffocation of animals will happen. Most of the animals will move the habitat but have some of the animals cannot move, so they will be death. â€Å"In 1991, one million menhaden fish in North Carolinas Neuse River were killed in a Pfiesteria outbreak.† (Water pollution effects 2006) The sea floras decrease extremely because the sea flora in the sea cannot get the oxygen. Most of the sea floras cannot move the habitat, so that they only can wait for death. After all the sea life move and death, then that sea pollution will become more serious. This is because some of the sea life was death and their corpse is nobody to clear. After that, the human will infect by disease because the corpse of the sea life have many bacteria. If this situation is happen in a country, the economic of the country will decrease and the human at there will death. The economic will decrease is 5 because the sea food tainted by the sea pollution, the government must stop all the sea food business. Beside that, the tourist will cancel to go that country because of sea pollution and disease. Most of country will cancel business with that country because of the government afraid their citizen will infected by the disease. The third effect of the sea pollution is water quality. Every year, there are many countries close the beach. This is because water quality in many countries was become more serious after the sea pollution. The water quality is causes by the sewage, waste released from factory and others. Most of the human stay near at the beach, they will use sea water and play at the beach. This will make the human infected by the hepatitis, stomach aches, vomiting and more. For example, some of the state in Africa, there was many people infected by this disease because they do not know the dangerous of the polluted water. There was many cases was happen in most of the countries that their water quality was very poor. This was make the human stay at there was infected the disease. For the example case, â€Å"In 1993, high cryptosporidium levels in Milwaukees drinking water supply sickened more than 400,000 residents. Every year, seven million Americans are sickened by contaminated water.† (W ater pollution effects 2006)Poor of the water quality also usually make the skin cancer of the surfer. The surfer did not know the dangerous of the sea was polluted. After they go to surf at the sea, then they will easily to get the skin cancer. The government in most country was close the beach and the stop all the sea activities. This is because the government has known the dangerous of the sea pollution and worry about the image of the country. Image of the country is very important because the first image of the tourist will look the environment of that country. If the tourists have the bad image of the country will make the economic of that country will decrease. 6 As conclusion, the causes of sea pollution are oil spill, chemical pollution and sewage. Those will make many effects, which are marine pollution, hypoxia and water quality. Beside that, the economic of country, health of human and more also are effect by the sea pollution. This all effect was become more serious in most the country. So we must taking steps to solve the problem. There are many solutions to solve the problem of the sea pollution but there use the high cost and many steps. So the citizens must co-operate with the government to solve this entire problem. The government gives the education to the citizen start from the primary school. The education must include the important of the sea, the dangerous of the sea pollution and more. This will make the citizens learn more and know the dangerous of the sea pollution from young. After that, they will co-operate with the government to taking steps and processes to clean up the sea. Clean up the sea is a ways to solve this prob lem but the human must concentrate about the marine life. This is because the processes of clean up the sea will affect the habitat of the marine or make them death. Other than that, the government uses the law to take action to the owner of the factory for no obey the law. The government can increase the penalty to the owner of the factory make the sea pollution to make them afraid and they will obey the law. Another solution that able to reduce the sea pollution is that, the government should organize sea activities. As a result, people will realize that the sea is a wonderful and mystery element and they will try to do least harmful action to the sea. Therefore, sea pollution will be able to reduce. References Effect of marine oil spill 2007. Retrieved: November 13, 2007, from http://www.itopf.com/effects.html Oil spill 2007. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill Pollution 2007. Retrieved: November 14, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/Pollution#Sources_and_causes TED Analysis Cases 2007. Retrieved: November 14, 2007, from http://www.american.edu/ted/projects/tedcross/xseap17.htm Water pollution effects 2006. Retrieved: November 16, 2007, from http://www.grinningplanet.com/2006/12-05/water-pollution-effects.htm

Animal Testing Essay -- Animal Testing

Animal Testing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using Animals for testing is wrong and should be banned. They should be entitled to the rights we have. Every day humans are using defenseless animals for cruel and most often useless tests. The animals cannot fight for themselves therefore we must. There should be stronger laws to protect them from laboratory experiments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although private companies run most labs, experiments are often conducted by public organizations. The U.S. government, the Army and Air Force in particular, has designed and conducted many animal experiments. The experiments were engineered so that many animals would suffer and die without any certainty that this suffering and death would save a single life, or benefit humans in any way at all. An example of this is some tens of thousands of Beagles experimented with. In Albuquerque, New Mexico, 64 Beagles were forced to inhale radioactive Strontium 90 as part of a â€Å"Fission Product Inhalation Program† which has been paid for by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. In this experiment 26 dogs died. One of the deaths occurred during an epileptic seizure; another from brain hemorrhage. Other dogs, before death, became feverish and anemic, lost their appetites, and had hemorrhages. The experimenters compared their results to those experiments conducted at th e University of Utah and the Argonne National Laboratory in which beagles were injected with Strontium 90. They concluded that the...

African Art

From Egypt to South Africa the art of Africa is rich and diverse on a scale second to no other continent. The art is a cultural heritage that has sustained a race of people over millennia. This paper will focus on the art of the 200-year span of 1400-1600 CE.   It was during this time period that the European Renaissance flowered, and saw such masters as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael arise.It likewise covers the time period that Rembrandt and the Dutch masters worked. Comparisons will be made between the two disparate cultures, examining the differences between how the art of Africa and the art of Europe relate to their culture and mores. It will examine the utility of both art genres.While the art appears to be radically different, the underlying usage for the art produced is essentially the same, with Renaissance art and African art both serving their culture’s religious beliefs and mores.For those not accustomed to abstract art it can appear to be different from wha t they even consider art. A large portion of all African art is abstract. Abstraction is the way the artist chooses to create a representation of the ancestor or the spirit with whom he wishes to communicate. By tradition the art is religious or mythical, so their option was to make a representative figure. Abstraction is the way to create such.European art of the same era solved this problem by opting to create a realistic likeness of their saints and even their god. . Europeans did not paint landscapes or sculpt animals except to give a setting to their holy families and saints.Art was for religion and for custom, culture, and mores in both cultures. â€Å"The beauty of African art lies not only on the surface or physical features of the artwork but the meaning or lesson that it tends to emanate† (All-About-African-Art.com par. 3).African art of the period under discussion is virtually always three dimensional and not only of wood. The Yoruba discovered lost-wax and cast th eir statues in metals by the 14th and 15th century (Mullen, par.10). John Reader, writing in Africa: A Biography of the Continent, discusses the use of metals in the art of the African tribes. In Sub-Saharan Africa iron and copper were the most highly valued of metals.Interestingly, he reports that the 14th century tribes would exchange their gold for copper at a rate of two-thirds gold to one of copper (287). This iron and copper went into weapons, naturally but much of it found its way into art because of its permanence was associated with the longevity of ancestors as well as the immortality of the spirits.It became then a part of their art, which is synonymous with their religious beliefs and culture.The most noticeable thing about African art is its ubiquitous nature. It permeates the lives of the African people more so than European art. The emphasis in African art is on the human figure much the same as European art between 1400 and 1600 CE. It is also a part of everyday life and relates to the culture and values of the tribes that produce it by serving as constant reminders of ancestors and traditions.The tribal masks are objects of veneration, brought out on ceremonial occasions to be ‘danced’. These masks are not simply ornaments but rather they are sacred objects.They are given names. This name is significant as more than just identifying the individual piece, but also identifies the meaning of the work. Each has a history and a dance is designated for each. The mask embodies living spirits. In African culture the meanings of the mask, the associated dance and the spirits that dwell within it are inexorably linked together.African art’s use of the human form is so pervasive that its adoption by European nations is taken as proof of the contact between the two cultures.The Church of Rome commissioned much of the great art of the European continent during the 1400-1600s. The statues and portraits of the biblical saints portray a li keness. Jesus is depicted in stone and pigment and the image is to remind the faithful of his deeds.The priests face a crucifix and make the magical signs when chanting prayer in the general direction of such art. There may be the argument that Christians do not pray to the effigies, still, the casual on-looker would have a difficult time determining the subtle difference.In this sense, the masks of African tribal art serve the same function within the community as do the pietas and crucifixions of the Italian Renaissance.Christopher Roy, Professor of Art History, University of Iowa, states that, â€Å"most African art is representative, not representational. Very little African sculpture is intended to recreate the features of a human being, either living or dead† (par. 6).Roy relates that African art, particularly the mask, is not meant to be a likeness of an ancestor, nor is it meant to be an image of a beloved, revered, or even feared leader of the tribe. The mask is a ho me for the spirits, invented by the maker of the mask.The mask, a work of art, becomes a haven for the supernatural, the unseen, the unknown, incomprehensible, so it follows that the physical home created for them must be a creation of whimsy (par. 6).In a land where diseases are rampant and life is relatively cheap the people often turn to the spirits for protection. In the years of the Black Death in Europe the people turned to the church. In Africa, where flies can carry death and swimming the rivers can infect people with deadly parasites, the spirits are all that stand between the tribe and death at times.It gives the tribe solace to know that they have a way of making the spirits visible, and they do this in their art. Art in the form of the mask gives a tangible reality to the unseen spirits. When the mask is then danced in the ceremonies and rituals of the tribe this makes the spirits accessible to the tribe.This art can span the gap between the world and the unseen realm of the spirit. The medium literally becomes the message as the diviner in the mask opens a channel to the spirits and can communicate the needs of the tribe to the only beings capable of giving aid to the tribe (Roy par. 2).Western African art in the form of wooden masks most often take the form of humans, animals, or fanciful beings. Their use in religious rites range from such as tribal initiation ceremonies to various celebrations of tribal good fortune or auspicious anniversary dates.They are danced in celebration of a good harvest as well as danced to request that their crops thrive. They are also danced in preparation for war. It does not take a great stretch of the imagination to equate these icons with the religious paintings of the Sistine Chapel and the pope’s private quarters.While some statues holy to the Catholics are brought out to view by the public on high holy days and venerated as talismans of the true cross or some other belief. The static art of the frescos can be viewed on a regular basis, and is used to put the supplicant in the proper frame of mind to believe when he kneels to ask a boon or blessing of his creator.The masks of African art are used as a gateway to ease both the wearer and his audience into a nether world where the spirits dwell. The Catholic art of the Renaissance and the centuries immediately following it are for the same purpose.The Fang tribe of Gabon are famous for their creation of guardian figures that are then affixed to the boxes containing the bones of their ancestors. Their leadership, according to The Africa Guide online website, is inherited and the leader is supposedly a direct descendant of the ancestor who founded the village.This leader is not only secular head of the tribal village, he is the spiritual leader, and can communicate with the ancestors through the wearing of masks, which are an important aspect of Fang art (par. 4).The art of Africa discussed herein is made for utilitarian purpose, makin g it, at first glance seem different from European art of the same time period. Yet while the pope may not put on a mask of Christ and dance it before the masses, he certainly carries a rod with the representation of Christ when he is seen in public.He has decorated his church and his private apartments with the figures of biblical characters to serve as a reminder of the holy word. From the Creation of Adam to the Last Judgment, artists of the European school created work to please the church.They created to invoke memories and remind the faithful of their culture and spiritual roots in the same way as the African mask. While the art appears to be radically different, the underlying usage for the art produced is essentially the same, with Renaissance art and African art both serving their culture’s religious beliefs and mores.Works CitedAll-About-African-Art.com   Abstract African Art is Mainly ConsideredTo be out of the Ordinary 9-29-08http://www.all-about-african-art.com /abstract-african-art.htmlMullen, N.   Yoruba Art and Culture 9-29-08 Wysinger Homestead 2004http://wysinger.homestead.com/yoruba.htmlRoy, C. Signs and Symbols in African Art: Graphic Patterns in BurkinaFaso 9-3-08 The University of Iowa no date

Crosby Manufacturing Corporation Case Study

AbstractNext to first-hand experience, case studies are one of the best ways to learn project management skills. In The Crosby Manufacturing Corporation case study, Harold Kerzner reports on the executive-level exchange between the company president and other department heads regarding a new Management Cost and Control System (Kerzner, 2009). This paper will give a synopsis of the case, analyze the case study communications issues and risks, and evaluate Livingston’s selection of a project manager. It will also discuss the possible reactions from the employees, the impact on the cost and time on the project as well as which constraints ultimately compromised the success of project.Crosby Manufacturing Corporation Synopsis of the CaseThe Crosby Manufacturing Corporation case study details a discussion between the organization’s executive officers over their plans to implement a new Management Cost and Control System (MCCS) (Kerzner, 2009). The president, Wilfred Livingst on, has successfully reorganized the company into a more efficient matrix organization over the previous three years and seeks to implement the new MCCS so the company can compete on new government contracts. Crosby’s existing MCCS falls short of government reporting and auditing requirements. At the beginning of the meeting, Livingston lays out the case for the new MCCS.The Management Information System (MIS) manager initially responds with a plan to perform a feasibility study with a detailed requirements analysis. The Engineering manager responds with a schedule and proposed vendor evaluation metrics. He suggested starting software development immediately. Livingston closes the discussion by assigning a project manager from another group and, after committing his support to the project, lays out a list of project planning items he wants to see the following week (Kerzner, 2009). Due to miscommunication,  Livingston’s plans cause potential risk to the projectâ€⠄¢s success.Evaluation of Livingston’s Choice of a Project ManagerThe President of the corporation had the right to decide on a project manager by employing an individual that would off the necessary services needed by the government agency to complete the job. Mr. Livingston gave the management staff an opportunity to come up with the proper approach but they were unable to. In line with the project objectives, they will fail to come up with the right milestones, detailed schedules, and design review meetings and feedback necessary from the management staff. As the leader of an organization, you have to be able to choose individuals as leaders that will be able to perform the task efficiently and effectively with the corporation’s best interest in mind. Was his choice a mistake?Yes, I think that this was a major mistake in appointing Mr. Emary as the project manager because he had little experience in such a major task and something that the company was depending on h eavily. Though Mr. Emary was an outstanding planner and got the job done, this was not one of those times when you need someone with little experience leading such a major project and to make the statement that Mr. Emary had less knowledgeable then other on the project did not do much to console the employees of his competence on completing the task.Reaction of the Functional EmployeesThe reactions from the functional employees in response to the appointment of Emary as the project manager had to be shocking. They probably had my questions and concerns about the potential success of the project and its completion under the supervision of Emary. Even if Mr. Livingston had confidence in his abilities, that said nothing about his ability to lay out the necessary and detailed schedule needed for the project completion or even know what resources were needed to be successful.Impact of Cost and Time RestraintsThe three constraints of project management will almost always be competing with each other. If a team decides to enlarge the scope of a project, the time will become larger as well, along with the cost. If the time  constraint is tighter, the scope may be reduced, but the costs will remain high. If the team should decide to tighten the budget, the scope will become smaller but the time will increase. To become skilled in project management, the project manager and their team must be capable of dealing with these constraints in a way that will allow them to successfully complete any project that they plan. This will have an impact on the kind networking techniques used and project schedules. Changes in projected costs to actual costs will in most instances stretch the length of time it takes to complete projects and at the same time determine the kinds of techniques to be employed.Constraints that could Compromise Project SuccessAlthough there are many project constraints, these should not be barriers for successful project execution and for the effective dec ision-making. The main three interdependent constraints for every project are time, cost, and scope. Quality is not a part of the project management triangle, but it is the ultimate objective of every delivery. Hence, the project management triangle represents implies quality. Many project managers are under the notion that ‘high quality comes with high cost', which to some extent is true. By using low quality resources to accomplish project deadlines does not ensure success of the overall project.So like with the scope, quality will also be an important deliverable for the project. The important aspect is to deal with it. The project manager needs to strike a balance between the three constraints so that quality of the project will not be compromised. To overcome the constraints, the project managers have several methods to keep the project going. Some of these will be based on preventing stakeholders from changing the scope and maintaining limits on both financial and human resources. A project manager's role is evolved around responsibility. A project manager needs to supervise and control the project from the beginning to the closure. Understanding that it is always a requirement to overcome the challenges related to the project and if you do so, those constraints will not ultimately compromise its success.

Installing Perl Modules From CPAN

Installing Perl Modules From CPAN There are several ways to install Perl modules from the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network on your Unix-based system. There is always more than one way to do things with Perl, and this is no different. Before embarking on any installation, download the module, unzip it and check out the documentation. Most modules are installed using the same method. Activate the CPAN Module The simplest way to install Perl modules to use the CPAN module itself. If you are the system administrator and want to install the module systemwide, youll need to switch to your root user. To fire up the CPAN module, just get to your command line and run this: If this is the first time youve run CPAN, its going to ask you a series of questions- in most cases, the default answer is fine. Once you find yourself staring at the cpan command prompt, installing a module is as easy as install MODULE::NAME. For example, to install the HTML::Template module youd type: CPAN should take it from there, and youll wind up with the module installed in your Perl library. Installing from the Command Line Lets say youre on your system command line and you just want to install a module as quickly as possible; you can run the Perl CPAN module via command line Perl and install it in a single line: Its always advisable to download a module yourself, especially if youre having problems installing with CPAN. If youre on the command line, you can use something like wget to grab the file. Next, youll want to unzip it with something like: This unzips the module into a directory and then you can go in and poke around. Look for the README or INSTALL files. In most cases, installing a module by hand is still pretty easy, though, although not as easy as CPAN. Once youve switched into the base directory for the module, you should be able to install it by typing:

Memories and Androids †What Is It To Be Human Essay

Memories and Androids – What Is It To Be Human Essay Free Online Research Papers Memories and Androids What Is It To Be Human Essay Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner deals with the effects of memories on a person or even an android. The memories an android collects can give it a past, a personality. What were once mindless automatons have become personable creatures that feel and sense in the same manner that real humans do. Harrison Ford’s character Rick Deckard is a retired Blade Runner, a hunter who tracks and kills renegade androids. With six deadly Nexus 6 androids loose on Earth, Deckard is called upon to eliminate them. In the dystopian future of Blade Runner, android technology has advanced to the point where there is no physical distinction between androids and real humans. Since observing physical appearance is eliminated, the Blade Runners must use another method, the Voight-Kampff Empathy Test. The test is designed to elicit an emotional response that can only be formed from a genuine past of the person being tested. In a future where animals and livestock are scarce, statements involving morality are used. Some examples are, â€Å"Its your birthday. Someone gives you a calfskin wallet.† â€Å"Youre watching television. Suddenly you realize theres a wasp crawling on your arm.† â€Å"The tortoise lays on its back, its belly baking in the hot sun beating its legs trying to turn itself over but it cant, not without your help† Other statements deal purely with life experience, some thing that Replicants do not have. â€Å"Youre reading a magazine. You come across a full-page nude photo of a girl. You show it to your husband. He likes it so much he hangs it on your bedroom wall.† The Replicants have difficulty answering these questions because they simply are not capable of knowing how to react to such statements. Even though killing is wrong, one would still bat away or even squash the wasp on one’s arm. As technologically advanced as they are, without the years of previous experience that a real human has, they cannot pass the Voight-Kampff test. However, one new Replicant has an advantage over the older rogue Replicants. The Replicant Rachael has been given the memories of a niece of Eldon Tyrell. Tyrell is resident evil genius at Tyrell Corporation, the world’s dominant android production company. She has a definitive edge over the others. It takes Deckard nearly one hundred questions before he can determine her true nature. The older models would only take twenty to thirty questions. The central question the film poses is, â€Å"What is it to be human?† Are the only real humans those born naturally from a mother father? Can something artificially produced have the same qualities and abilities as a regular human? Tyrell states that even the older models can exhibit some learned abilities from their four years of existence. Even though they have superhuman strength and abilities, the Replicants have a short, preset lifespan. â€Å"The light that burns twice as bright burns half as long,† Tyrell says. Giving them memories from the moment they are created gives them a head start. The once definitive line between human and nonhuman begins to blur in Deckard’s eyes. After Rachael comes to him for help, he at first dismisses her but eventually begins to sympathize with her. Rachael starts to become more and more human and Deckard becomes more and more empathetic towards the Replicants. Rachael both looks and acts more human. She is less curt and cries when she is rejected by Deckard. While in Deckard’s apartment, she lets her hair down and after crying has dark circles around her eyes. She looses the appearance of perfectly applied makeup. Deckard originally retired because he was burnt out, tired of the killing. His return to the job has only made him dislike killing even more and grow more empathetic toward the Replicants. He says he feels bad about shooting a female Replicant in the back while she was running away. He doesn’t want to do it, but it’s his job so he must continue until all of the loose Replicants are killed. The Replicants further show their inexperience and lack of memories. Rutger Hauer plays Roy, Deckard’s Replicant nemesis. Roy is a battle hardened combat model Nexus 6 android. He has most certainly seen fellow combatants die. As members of his renegade group are killed, he becomes increasing agitated and distraught over their deaths. Roy was once the calm, cool leader of the group, but by the end of the film becomes a ball of emotional rage. Also, Roy and another excaped Replicant, Pris, fall in love. Even though they look older, their romance plays out as a pair of inexperienced teenagers on a first date. They kiss awkwardly and are quite coy with each other in front of J.F. Sebastian, a genetic designer they had taken up refuge with. When Roy tries to tell Pris that two their companions have been killed, he has difficulty expressing the grief that he obviously feels. His body language is contorted and confused. The way he acts makes him seem very artificial altho ugh what he feels is genuine. Roy’s emotions finally come to a head in his final confrontation with Deckard. They play a delicate game of cat and mouse through a series of abandoned buildings and end up on a rain soaked roof. His only thoughts have been to keep the group safe and to kill that which is threatening the group, Deckard. When Roy has a proverbial opportunity of a lifetime, Deckard’s life in Roy’s hands, he has a change of heart. Roy chooses to spare Deckard’s life. He can empathize with the man that was hunting him. He can now see both himself and Deckard not as individuals, but as pawns in a greater game. Roy, a pawn of the Tyrell Corporation, and Deckard, a man doing his job for the police force. He has emotionally matured from demanding, â€Å"I want more life, fucker,† from Tyrell, to a selfless contemplative being. Roy, and the rest of the Nexus 6 androids, didn’t need to rise the level that was considered human. They were already there. After his years of killing, Roy realizes that he is no better than the humans that both control him and he despises. He realizes that he must loose his hate and forgive that which cannot be corrected. In a sense, he becomes more human than human, he becomes enlightened as to what he and humanity really are. His memories and experiences have taught him that he is what he is and shouldn’t be limited by the fact that he is artificial. Research Papers on Memories and Androids - What Is It To Be Human EssayStandardized TestingThe Spring and AutumnGenetic EngineeringHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayResearch Process Part OneCapital PunishmentIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMind Travel

How can people best cope with technology overload Research Paper

How can people best cope with technology overload - Research Paper Example However, there are strategies that can be applied to cope with technological overload. According to Ring (n.d.), time connected has to be estimated. For example, one has to set time at which he or she can routinely check emails. Once the time is evaluated, one can determine why he or she is connected at that time. According to Ring (n.d.), evaluation of the main facets of life such as things that one enjoys or makes him happy reduces overload of technology. Significant amount of time spent on technological application gives one less time with family and friends. However, evaluation of some important aspects and focusing on it reduces technology overload. Technology is the best part of our lives if used within limits and for its intended purpose. For example, mobile phones can be accessed anywhere. This gives the user freedom of movement. However, one has to consider the main purpose of acquiring technology. Some gadgets such as cell phones are acquired for access in a suitable time, not as a burden that has to be accessed anytime. Time management reduces technology overload. One can schedule time access of emails or phone calls. Additionally, scheduling of other personal activities and adhering to it is

Iclude 2 in-text citations and place the reference on the reference Essay

Iclude 2 in-text citations and place the reference on the reference page - Essay Example the company launches in the market having many variations, Samsung is confident that their customers will never run out of choices in terms of the products that will truly satisfy their needs and preferences. Samsung has a wide variety of businesses including advanced technology, semiconductors, skyscraper and plant construction, petrochemicals, fashion, medicine, finance, and hotels (Samsung, 2012). The impact of new competition on Samsung’s financial performance is more of a negative one. This is because the new competitors have only forced the company to spend more in order to produce more differentiated products and keep up with the intense competition. Unfortunately, the new competitors of Samsung especially from China have been able to establish a strong presence in the markets, which has contributed to the decline in the sales of Samsung’s products and a decline in profitability (Siegel, 2009). The negative impacts of the recent economic crisis do not help Samsung at all, as majority of the consumers have decided to spend less and save more. Thus, it is safe to say that Samsung has really become troubled by the emergence of new competitors and the threats that they continue to pose to the financial profitability of the company. A new marketing strategy that Samsung should consider in reaction to new Chinese competition is one that will highlight the excellent quality and significant value of its products. It is important for Samsung to emphasize on its marketing strategy that not one of their competitors can be able to match the superior quality and value that their products are able to provide. This should help in gaining the trust and confidence of the consumers to try Samsung products and personally experience their benefits. Aside from this, Samsung has to be willing to spend for advertisements as a form of a marketing strategy, which will help to inform the public about the superior quality and value that their products are able to provide (Grant,

Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper - Essay Example Modern world is living in a world of stress and is going through a lot of psychological disorders due to so many factors. Some of them may be individual while the others may come from the family or the society. The modern financial crunch in world economy has increased the fears more. The abnormal psychic nature has led to so many unhealthy incidents in the modern era. There are a lot of incidents in which even the members of the family killing each other without any serious reasons. Studies showed that the number of patients with psychological disorders goes on increasing day by day. There are few schools of psychology which are dealing with psychic disorders. Functional psychology, Structural psychology, Associationism, Behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and Psycho analysis etc. are some of the common schools of psychology. The method of approach to psychological disorders will be different by different schools of psychology. â€Å"Abnormal psychology can be described as an area of psychology that studies people who are consistently unable to adapt and function effectively in a variety of conditions† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psychology.) A person with abnormal psychic nature will feel, think, speak and behave differently. The classification of normal and abnormal psychology is sometimes difficult. As per the old traditional parents of some countries, the children should be punished by beating them if they make any mistakes. It is considered as normal. But now it is considered as abnormal by certain psychologists. â€Å"Theories of abnormal psychology describe mental illnesses, suggest possible causes of these illnesses, and propose certain methods of treating them. These theories can be divided into four main groups or schools: (1) biophysical, (2) intrapsychic, (3) existential, and (4) behavioural.†( http://www.a2zpsychology.com/articles/abnormal.htm) Physical causes lead

CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW IN HEALTH CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW IN HEALTH CARE - Essay Example Due to continued swelling and pain, Arthur consulted another physician who finally diagnosed a fracture. Based on this, Arthur sued the hospital for negligence. The hospital requested the court to deliver summary judgment on the plea that physicians who treated Arthur were not employees of the hospital but they were working in the independent capacity as contractors. All reports, bills, x-rays and other documents provided to the Arthur carried the logo of the hospital and in no way, Arthur was informed that physicians with whom he was taking treatment were working as independent contractors in the Hospital. The court took judicial notice of the available common facts and took a stand that it was obvious on part of the patient/plaintiff to believe that all physicians were employees of the hospital while taking any treatment there. In Milton Bieber vs. Dr. Ash and St. Joseph Hospital case, Bieber filed a claim for physical damages against the doctor and hospital during his radiation treatment in the hospital. As a result, Dr. Ash filed a motion for summary judgment in the trial court and after the hearing the trial court granted summary judgment to Dr. Ashs motion. The trial court also granted hospital, on its motion, summary judgment. On this, Milton Bieber filed an appeal against these summary judgments in the Court of Appeal. The California Court of Appeal reversed one of the summary judgments that was granted in favor of the hospital; however, affirmed the other one in favor of Dr. Ash. The court took this view because Bieber was perfectly in good health after his surgery but it was the radiation treatment that caused him injury. According to the court, the hospitals motion could not shift burden to Milton as he alleged for the negligence on hospital while taking radiation therapy there (The Free Library,

Queer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Queer - Essay Example The most common being those of homophobia because the word queer means deviant sexual practices that are frowned upon by the society. It can also mean strange sexual characteristics ranging from being a hamerphrodite to having abnormal genitalia. When an individual is not a heterosexual as the society dictates, then that person is referred to as a queer for being a lesbian or gay. Those people who have changed from being female to being males or vice versa are also regarded as queers by the society. The society we live in chooses to assign the word queer to this group of persons because they do not conform to the accepted gender roles assigned to them by the community. Gender has been divided since time in memorial into two groups. According to Bornstein, â€Å"choice between two of something is not a choice, but rather the opportunity to subscribe to the value system which holds the two presented choices as mutually exclusive alternatives and our choice puts us into the system that perpetuates the binary† (Bornstein 101). Different cultures assert that we belong to either one of the two chosen genders without question. If a person chooses not to belong to any of the two, then they are branded as outcasts. Bornstein wonders if the bi-polar gender system were a group and if its members were following rules that they can neither question nor be capable of challenging making group become more like a cult (Bornstein 103). In this context, gender is made up to look like a club for the privileged where the members, exhibit patterns both structural and behavioral that are common to cults (Bornstein 103). In his book â€Å"The Trouble with the Normal†, Warner says â€Å"even after fifty years of resistance, loathing for queer sex, like loathing for gender non conformity remains powerful†(Warner 48). This illustrates the society’s unwillingness to accept those who do not practice what their culture dictates as normal, especially if they are t o be accepted under consideration of sex only. The lesbian and gay movement in America was expected to shed more light on sexuality, but it did not because according to Warner in his book it shows that even after these â€Å"queer† people declared their sexual orientation to the public, they did not get the reaction they expected from â€Å"straight† people as envisioned. The end to stigmatization that they were used to did not end, but it, in fact, escalated because the abuses and threats now had a defined target (Warner 50). In his book, Warner uses the term queer to stand for the sexual acts that gays and lesbians engage in, it is also used to represent those who are sexually oriented towards homosexuality. Queers are understood to be separate from the other part of the population, and their political rights activist movements advocate that they be considered under the minority or special group category. The society we live in makes it hard for these people to be as similated into the community and be perceived as normal because it needs a group to dominate, have power over and control. Even if, the gays and lesbian movements did not arise, the culture we practice has always had a way of isolating an element in a society that is portrayed as queer so that there can be something for the society to frown upon and discriminate. The culture we live in, designed gender in such a way that it would

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Critical Thinking - Essay Example s and ideas, to understand them at a deeper level or to make judgments about them, to make connections between them or even to develop beliefs and ultimately to arrive at appropriate relevant action derived from these thoughts. Critical thinking has been defined in many different ways. Scriven and Paul (2007) define critical thinking as â€Å"the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action†. However in order to understand what it means to think critically one must look at the components of critical thinking and the attributes of people who think critically. The best description of what it means to think critically is the ability of the thinker to take charge of their own thinking. In order to do this it means that the thinker is engaging in a number of processes including questioning, interpreting and evaluating information, assessing and analyzing information, examining their own beliefs and assumptions and weighing up opinions against facts. One of the important criteria for thinking critically that differentiates it from other kinds of thinking such as creative thinking is that the thinking leads to reactive behaviors that are rational. To think critically therefore means more than just having thoughts; it means analyzing and evaluating an assessing not just thoughts but beliefs to improve life. Scriven, M. & Paul, R. (2007). The Critical Thinking Community. Retrieved February 12, 2008, from Foundation for Critical Thinking Web site:

CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW IN HEALTH CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW IN HEALTH CARE - Essay Example Due to continued swelling and pain, Arthur consulted another physician who finally diagnosed a fracture. Based on this, Arthur sued the hospital for negligence. The hospital requested the court to deliver summary judgment on the plea that physicians who treated Arthur were not employees of the hospital but they were working in the independent capacity as contractors. All reports, bills, x-rays and other documents provided to the Arthur carried the logo of the hospital and in no way, Arthur was informed that physicians with whom he was taking treatment were working as independent contractors in the Hospital. The court took judicial notice of the available common facts and took a stand that it was obvious on part of the patient/plaintiff to believe that all physicians were employees of the hospital while taking any treatment there. In Milton Bieber vs. Dr. Ash and St. Joseph Hospital case, Bieber filed a claim for physical damages against the doctor and hospital during his radiation treatment in the hospital. As a result, Dr. Ash filed a motion for summary judgment in the trial court and after the hearing the trial court granted summary judgment to Dr. Ashs motion. The trial court also granted hospital, on its motion, summary judgment. On this, Milton Bieber filed an appeal against these summary judgments in the Court of Appeal. The California Court of Appeal reversed one of the summary judgments that was granted in favor of the hospital; however, affirmed the other one in favor of Dr. Ash. The court took this view because Bieber was perfectly in good health after his surgery but it was the radiation treatment that caused him injury. According to the court, the hospitals motion could not shift burden to Milton as he alleged for the negligence on hospital while taking radiation therapy there (The Free Library,

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Critical Thinking - Essay Example s and ideas, to understand them at a deeper level or to make judgments about them, to make connections between them or even to develop beliefs and ultimately to arrive at appropriate relevant action derived from these thoughts. Critical thinking has been defined in many different ways. Scriven and Paul (2007) define critical thinking as â€Å"the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action†. However in order to understand what it means to think critically one must look at the components of critical thinking and the attributes of people who think critically. The best description of what it means to think critically is the ability of the thinker to take charge of their own thinking. In order to do this it means that the thinker is engaging in a number of processes including questioning, interpreting and evaluating information, assessing and analyzing information, examining their own beliefs and assumptions and weighing up opinions against facts. One of the important criteria for thinking critically that differentiates it from other kinds of thinking such as creative thinking is that the thinking leads to reactive behaviors that are rational. To think critically therefore means more than just having thoughts; it means analyzing and evaluating an assessing not just thoughts but beliefs to improve life. Scriven, M. & Paul, R. (2007). The Critical Thinking Community. Retrieved February 12, 2008, from Foundation for Critical Thinking Web site:

How working environment can impact on motivation Essay Example for Free

How working environment can impact on motivation Essay (A) Describe, with examples, how working environment can impact on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism, covering:- * Job location In travel and tourism, the holiday atmosphere at resort contributes to a sense of well-being. Customers are happy to be on holiday and it is relatively easy to have a positive attitude to work. Whereas if you were working in a call centre where you are office bound and have to spend most of the talking to customer on the telephone. The organisation has to consider how this poorer environment can be improved so that staff remains motivated. * Working conditions and Hours of work Hours of work vary tremendously throughout the industry- some people are happy to work unsocial hours because it fits in with their lifestyle or they wish to have time off when everyone else is working. However, the overall number of hours per week should not exceed 40. * Health and safety Safety and security factors must be considered in the workplace, and legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 must be adhered to. Specific regulations also apply where food is served or where the chemical hazards, for example in a swimming pool. All these requirements are important. For some organisations a lapse in safety procedures can mean the collapse of the business and even a prosecution. Companies that organise activity holidays for children, for example must make health and safety a priority. Health and safety is important for both customers and employees. Employees need to know that they can go about their work in a safe environment and work together to ensure their customers are safe. * Equipment and Resources Sate-of-the-art equipment and a pleasant environment are important to motivate staff. * Social event Most companies have a Christmas party or social outgoing for staff. These are useful events to create camaraderie amongst staff and build teams. * Theories of motivation The motivation and commitment of employees is key to success of a team and therefore to the company. Several theorists have come up with models of motivation. The two of that we will look at are Maslow and Herzberg. 1. Maslow Abraham Maslow was an American who in the 1940s developed a theory of motivation. The theory is valid still for understanding how people are motivated in the workplace. Employers can use it to provide conditions that fulfil peoples needs at the different levels. Maslow theory is displayed as a pyramid because employees can only move up the levels once the lower levels are fulfilled. So, an employee cant achieve level 4 at work if they are having problems in their personal life or working with colleagues (level 3). Similarly, if they have just been made homeless (level 1) their concern will be finding shelter not performing at work. 2. Herzberg Herzbergs theory is also known as the hygiene theory. Herzberg identified characteristics which make people satisfied with their jobs and those which make them dissatisfied: satisfiers and dissatisfiers. The satisfiers are factors which give people long-term motivation and enable them to enjoy their work: * The type of work * Promotion prospects * Having responsibilities * Sense of achievement * Personal development * Gaining recognition This dissatisfiers or hygiene factors need to be operating well in an organisation but according to Herzberg do not ultimately motivate people. These are: * Salary * Working conditions * Relationships with others- colleagues and managers * Company policy (B) Describe, with examples, how working relationships can impact on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism, covering:- * Management style Management is about motivating people to act in certain ways so that the team can achieve its common goal. A good manager must inform, motivate and develop the team. The four types of manager/management I will be talking about are:- 1. An autocratic manager An autocratic manager makes all the decisions and announces them to the team. This person is the boss and so has full control. The main advantage of this kind of leadership is that decisions are made quickly, as no consultation is involved. Its other advantages include:- * Where there is a need for urgent action the autocrat will take control * Some team members gain security from being told what to do. Disadvantages include:- * Team members may become frustrated at their lack of control * There may not be room for the team to express creativity * There may be over-dependence on the leaders Autocratic management belongs in a traditional hierarchical structure. 2. Consultative management With consultative management, the leader still makes the decisions but discusses them with the team. The advantages include:- * The team is informed of what is going on * Open discussion is encouraged * The manager spends time with the team The disadvantages are that the team feel involved but frustrated by having no real power. 3. Democratic management With democratic management, the decision-making is shared among the team. The advantages include:- * Ideas are encouraged from everyone * There is greater involvement and commitment from team members * The team is likely to be supportive of the leader * The team is fully informed The disadvantages include:- * Some team members may not be able to cope with being involved in decision-making * The democratic process can take too long * The leader may not agree with the decisions of the team * Powerful team members may take over 4. Laissez-faire management With laissez-faire management the team is left to sort itself out and get on with its work. The manager does not get involved and therefore is not leading the team. The advantages include:- * Highly motivated and skilled people are able to get on with their tasks * The team is empowered The disadvantages include:- * New team members will be uninformed * The team may be left with little or no direction * Teamwork Teamwork skills are essential in the workplace. You must be able to work with other people in a team even if you dont happen to like them. A team is a group of people who are working together to achieve common objectives. Even when you are not physically with other members of your team, you can work together by contributing to a sequence of activities with a common aim. If you were working as a resort representative in Spain, you would still be working in a team with colleagues in head office in the UK. 1. Team roles Good teams achieve synergy; that is, together they can achieve more than the members could individually. More ideas, energy and resources are generated as a group because:- * The team solves problems and makes decisions together * The team focuses on the priorities, with everyone working towards the same aim * The team provides a sense of belonging and a sense of status * The team provides a support network Not everyone in a team is the same- each person has their own strengths and weaknesses. If each person had the same weaknesses, the team could not work; there needs to be a balance of skills. A method of recognising individuals strengths and weaknesses is needed in order to build an effective team. The management expert R.Meredith Belbin has outlined nine team roles necessary for a successful team. One person can represent more than one role, as most people have strengths in more than one area. Belbins roles:- Chairperson/ co-ordinator = The group leader, likely to be relaxed and extrovert, also likely to be a good communicator. They will build on the strengths of team members and give them encouragement. Plant = The ideas person in the team, a person who is creative in looking for solution to problems, but not always good at details, and so may make careless mistakes. Shaper = The task leader, who unites ideas and effort. Needs to be dominated and extrovert in order to make things happen. Monitor/ evaluator = The team analyst, who is not so good at ideas but pays attention to details, thus keeping the team directed towards its target. Implementer = The organiser of the team, who is able to make the ideas of the plant and shaper and turn them into manageable and realistic tasks. A practical, stable and disciplined person. Resources investigator = The person who is outgoing and will explore and report on ideas and developments outside the group; is sociable and enthusiastic and good under pressure. Team worker = A very people-oriented person, sensitive to others needs. The team worker has good communication skills and will be good at motivating other. A natural mediator, who will deal with any conflict within the team, this person is very good to have around in a crisis. Finisher = A person who sticks to deadlines and likes to get on with things. Will probably be irritated by the more relaxed members of the team. Specialist = This person is single-minded and a self-starter and provides knowledge and skills in specialist areas each of Belbins roles acquires a different level of important according to the objectives of the team and the stage in the teams life. 2. team development Formal teams are part of the structure of an organisation and are planned in order to meet that organisations objectives. The formal team will follow rules and regulations and may meet on a pre-arranged schedule and complete administrative procedures. Examples in travel and tourism includes sales teams and marketing teams Informal teams work within or outside formal teams. They are sometimes based on personal relationships between members rather than on work roles. When you complete group work for assignments, you often choose the colleagues you wish. You choose to work with people you like and ones you know will be as committed as you are to the work. This is an informal team. There are several theories of team structure and development, which will help you to understand the effectiveness of teams. Bruce Tuckman (1965) identified four main stages of team development:- * Forming at this stage, team members form their first impressions of each other and establish identities. They are sounding each other out and finding out what is expected of them. * Storming- the team members have, by now, become more used to each other. Members are prepared to put forward their ideas forcibly and openly; they are also prepared to disagree and so there may be some conflict and hostility. * Norming the team now begins to establish co-operation. Conflict is controlled, views are exchanged and new standards introduced. * Performing the team is now working together; it begins to arrive at solutions and achieve objectives. There can also be a fifth stage, called adjourning or mourning, where the team has disbanded and the members miss being part of the team. * Job roles and lines of responsibility An organisation chart shows the structure of the company and how the work is divided into different areas. It also shows the lines of responsibility between staff, so that it is apparent who is responsible to whom. An employee studying a chart will find the possible promotions routes. The chart may show a hierarchical structure or line relationship. This is a very traditional structure and shows a chain of command with each person responsible to the person above them. It is sometimes referred to as a pyramid structure. Many organisations today would be depicted in a chart with a flatter structure. There are fewer layers of management, and each manager has a broader span of control. Restructuring of organisations often involves getting rid of middle managers, hence the flattened structure. * Channels of communication Open communication must be encouraged and ideas should be freely expressed in the workplace. There should be trust and support between team members. An effective leader can encourage good communication and shape the way the team works. * Verbal Verbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages with words, including writing and there are different ways a person can do verbal communication 1. Telephone 2. Word of mouth 3. Video conference 4. Face to face 5. Presentation 6. Walkie-talkie 7. Meetings 8. Bluetooth/ headset (mobile phone) 9. Radio 10. Sign language * Written Written communication guarantees that everyone concerned has the same information and it provides a long-lasting record of communication for future such as 1. Books 2. Brochures/ leaflets, newspaper 3. E-mail 4. Text (written + electronic + verbal) 5. Fax (written + electronic) 6. Notice boards 7. Minutes of meetings * Electronic Electronic communication means any method used to convey a message that has been transmitted via electronic means such as e-mail, video conferencing, radio, TV, mobile phone, internet, fax etc. * Equal opportunities Legislation exists to ensure that personal receive equal opportunities and that there is no discrimination. The arts of parliament that you should be aware of are:- * Race relations Act 1976 This act makes discrimination on racial grounds unlawful in employment, training, education and the provision of goods, facilities and services. The two main type of discrimination involved in this Act are:- 1. direct discrimination:- discrimination against colour disability, citizenship 2. indirect discrimination:- discriminating a racial group * Sex discrimination Act 1975 This act makes it unlawful to discriminating against someone on the ground of gender, marital status, Gender reassignment or sexual orientation. The act was updated in 1986 to remove restrictions on womens hours of work and then it allowed women to take h=jobs with flexible hours. This act not only covers discriminations in the workplace but in job advertisements and interviews. * Disability discrimination act 1995 This act makes discrimination against people with disabilities unlawful in respect of employment, education and access to goods, facilities, services, and premises. Employers are required to make reasonable adjustments to accommodate people with disabilities. Examples include providing specially adapted keyboards for arthritis sufferers, facilitating wheelchair access and relocating people with limited mobility to the ground floor. * Equal pay act 1970 This act was introduced to address the problem of women being paid less than men for the same work. It allows employees to claim equal value in terms of demands made on them, such as effort, skills and decisions made. There is also an EU Directive that state that for the same work or work of equal value, sex discrimination must be eliminated in all aspects of pay. * Other forms of discrimination Discrimination at work is a very serious issue and can result in large amounts of compensation being awarded following successful tribunals, not to set up policies to ensure that the workplace is free from discrimination. Measures to be taken include:- 1. Setting up a comprehensive equal opportunities policy covering all aspects of discrimination 2. Training staff in discrimination legislation and on how to implement the equal opportunities policy 3. Setting up complaints procedures for instances of discrimination * Employment rights act 1996 When someone gets a job they can aspect to receive a contract of employment. This is a legally binding agreement between the employer and the employee. Under the Employment Rights Act, the employer must give the employee a written document including the following information, in writing within 2 months of starting work:- 1. Name of employer and employee 2. Date employment began 3. Rate of pay and interval of pay 4. Hours of work 5. Holiday entitlement and pay 6. Job title and brief description of duties 7. Place of work 8. Notice entitlement and requirements 9. Sick leave entitlement and sick pay 10. Pension and pension scheme 11. Disciplinary procedures and grievance producers 12. Date of end of employment it fixed term 13. Additional details about working aboard if appropriate. * Notice board After one month of continues employment an employee is entitle to one week of notice if the employment ends. After 2 years employment they are entitle to 2 weeks notice, after 3 years, 3 weeks notice and so on. After 12 years the legal maximum 12 weeks notice is reached. A employee must also give notice of leaving to an employer. After one month of continuous employment, an employee must give a minimum of one weeks notice. Employees are entitled to normal pay during notice periods as long as they are working or available for work. * Redundancy Redundancy pay is calculated according to the employees age, length of service and salary. Employees can claim for unfair dismissal if they suspect: 1. There is no real redundancy 2. They were unfairly selected for redundancy Dismissal is treated as redundancy if the whole business is closing or a particular job disappears or requires fewer employees. An employer may offer alternative employment. If the employee unreasonably refuses it they are not entitled to redundancy pay. * EU Directives on hours and pay The European Working Time Directive was enacted in the UK through the Working Time Regulations 1998. This lays down the following: 1. A maximum 48-hours week, averaged over 17 weeks 2. at least 4 weeks paid annual leave 3. a weekly rest period of at least 24 hours in each 7-day period 4. a daily rest period of at least 11 consecutive hours between each working day 5. an in-work rest break of 20 minutes for those working hours or more per day Some sectors are excluded from the regulations; one of theses is transport. * National Minimum Wage Act 1998 This Act provides workers with a minimum hourly rate below which their wages will not fall. Those who work part time benefit most, because they are often badly paid. The Low Pay Commission advises the Secretary of State on the value of the minimum rate. A special lower rate applies to 18-to 21years-olds. * Maternity and paternity leave The Employment Relations Act 1999 provides for basic rights for maternity leave. There are three periods of maternity leave. Ordinary maternity leave is for a period of 18 weeks which coincides with the period for statutory maternity pay. This applies to all employees. Compulsory maternity leave extends to a period of 2 weeks after the birth; the employer must not permit the woman to return to work during this period. Additional maternity leave follows immediately after the original 18-weekperiod and must end within 29 weeks of the birth. Employees with at least one years service with an employer are eligible for the additional maternity leave. Under the same Act there are provisions to allow parents 3 months leave in order to care for a child. This is intended to be taken before the child is five. It is intended to be available to men and to women, in addition to maternity leave. Paternity leave is available to men to: 1. Have or expect to have responsibility for the childs upbringing 2. Are the biological father of the child, or the mothers husband or partner 3. Have worked continuously for their employer for 26 weeks ending with the fifteenth week before the baby is due. Eligible employees can choose take either 1 week or 2 consecutive weeks paternity leave (not odd days) * Statutory sickness pay An employer must pay Statutory Sick Pay to employees who become sick and who normally earn at least à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½79 per week. After 28 weeks, Incapacity Benefit or Income Support must be claimed instead. * Grievance and disciplinary procedures These must be included in the employees written statement or contract, or at least there must be a reference to where they can be found. Disciplinary producers deal with such maters as warnings to be given before dismissal. Warnings might arise from the following:- 1. Lack of capability or qualifications-although the employer has a responsibility to give training 2. Misconduct-which includes habitual lateness 3. Gross misconduct (for example, assault or theft) leads to instant or summary dismissal. Grievance procedures deal with complaints by employees who are not satisfied with aspects of their employment. Employees must be given the name of a person to whom a complaint can b made and should be informed of right of appeal. * Investors in people Investors in people is a UK quality standard development in 1990. Those companies who gain the award have proved that they invest in the training and development of their staff. This is beneficial to employees and also to customers and suppliers. The standard for Investors in people is based on four key principals: 1. Commitment from the top to develop all employees 2. Regular review of training and development needs 3. Taking relevant action to meet those needs throughout peoples careers 4. Evaluating training and development outcomes for individuals and the organisation in order to continuously improve These principals are subdivided into 24 indicators of effective practise, and the organisation provides evidence for assessment against the indicators. Once the organisation gets the award it is entitled to display the Investors in People logo on company literature. * Buddies and mentoring Mentoring schemes are growing in popularity. They offer employees a one-to one relationship with a mentor, someone with greater experience and a willingness to listen and advice. The mentor and the mentee meet regularly and discuss aspects of the mentees job, such as career development. The mentor does not act as a line manager or superior and is never judgemental, but acts as a sounding board and is able to offer ideas and a different outlook on work issues. The Hilton hotel chain runs a mentoring scheme for its staff at all levels. Its purpose is to support staff in their career development. Mentors at the Hilton chain are often colleagues of the mentees doing similar jobs, which departs from the traditional model. All of the mentors have had mentoring training. Some companies have similar, but sometimes less formal, schemes where a new member of staff is given a buddy as a source of information and help. * Job security Many contracts today are fixed term, especially in areas such as visitor attractions. This means that the period of employment is not indefinite but lasts for a period of months or a year or two. The reason for such contracts is flexibility for employers- they can lose staff on fixed contracts at the end of the period without penalty. However, such contracts are demotivating for staff as they worry about their future income and job prospects. C) Describe with examples, how incentives can impact on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism including: * Remuneration Remuneration means how much you get paid. You would imagine that this is very important as a motivator. In fact, it is an important factor in attracting people to a company but research shows that it is not the most important incentive. * Performance related pay Bonuses are often based on overall profits and awarded to all employees- usually performance related. * Incentive scheme An example of an incentive scheme could be a competition that staff are invited to enter. The competitions may be based on generating new ideas within the company, or how to boost sales, customer satisfaction or commissions on sales. * Discounts Discounts may be given on holidays or travel for those working in the industry. Many who work in travel and tourism receive cheap travel, perhaps by going on standby if they work for an airline or by going on fact-finding trips to a destination if they work for a travel agent. * Holiday entitlement In the UK employees can expect around 4 weeks paid holiday per year. In the public sector more holiday is often given, but this may be balanced against lower pay. * Pension schemes A good pension scheme can act as an incentive for many people who are concerned about security in retirement. * Perks As a perk, employees in the travel and tourism industry are often provided with a uniform. They may get to travel or live aboard and be paid to live there. They may be provided with a company car. * Opportunities for promotion and progression Many employees need a challenge and if they are in the same position, doing a job they find easy, they may become bored and less efficient. Thus, opportunities to move on and face new challenges are an important incentive. Opportunities may arise within an organisation and good people are quickly promoted. You may wish to let it be known that you are interested in progression and ask to be sent on relevant training courses and conferences. D) Described, with examples, how training can impact on motivation and contribute to an effective workplace in travel and tourism including: * Training Those employers who wish o ensure an effective workplace will offer ongoing training and development to staff. There are several benefits to organisations add to their workforces. Training can: * Improve individual performance * Improve team performance * Allow staff to be better informal * Equip staff to deal with change and emergencies * Make for a more flexible workforce * Improve morale * Allow managers more time to manage through delegation of other tasks. * Induction training Employers have to provide instruction and training to ensure health and safety, and this is usually a part of induction training. The induction is the first stage of training and is given to new employees; it is important as new employees need to be made welcome and become effective in their work as quickly as possible. Induction covers: * The nature of the job * Introduction to the workplace and to staff * The lines of responsibility * Facilities such as toilets, lockers, canteen * Health and safety basics * Training opportunities * In-house training Large companies offer their own in-house training and may even write their own materials. These training courses are very beneficial as they are tailor- made to meet the needs of the company. * External courses Thousands of external courses are available. These may be specific to travel and tourism or other professional qualifications in areas such as marketing or human resource management. They may be offered by colleges, by travel associations or by private companies. Companies may allow individuals or groups to attend such courses. Some may be long term, leading to advanced qualifications, so a great deal of commitment is required on behalf of the individual.