A Child Called It Essay -- Child Abuse Essays Papers

A Child Called It As a child Dave Pelzer was brutally beaten and starved by his emotionally unstable, alcoholic mother; a mother who played tortuous, unpredictable games that left one of her sons nearly dead. She no longer considered him a son, but a slave; no longer a boy, but an 'it'. His bed was an old army cot in the basement, his clothes were torn and smelly, and when he was allowed the luxury of food it was scraps from the dogs' bowl. The outside world knew nothing of the nightmare played out behind closed doors. Dave dreamed of finding a family to love him and call him their son. It took years of struggle, deprivation and despair to find his dreams and make something of himself. A Child Called 'It' covers the early years of his life and is an affecting and inspiration memoir of one child's determination to survive. In most of my classes I’ve always heard that your parents are the most important people in your life and I truly believe this. People are affected by everything their parents say and do both in childhood and later on in adulthood. If a child is constantly looked down upon and made to believe that nothing they do is good enough, chances are they will grow up believing this and having low confidence. It is remarkable that a child David’s age fought himself from breaking down, dissolving into tears and giving up hope for a better future. David constantly worked towards or rather survived because of a dream, a dream t hat he was a prince and that every...

Bromination of Acetanilide

BROMINATION OF ACETANILIDE OBJECTIVE Aim of the experiment was too brominate acetaldehyde to form p-bromoacetanilide. INTRODUCTION Acetanilide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of C6H5NH(COCH3). It is a crystalline solid that is prepared by acetylation of analine and is widely used in the dye industry. This crystalline solid is an odourless solid chemical that has a flake or leaf like appearance. It is also known as N phenylacetamide, acetanil or acetanilide. Its former trade name was antifebrin. As mentioned earlier acetanilide can be produced by reacting acetic anhydride with aniline.C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O > C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH (http://www. mendelset. com/articles/680/preparation-recrystallization-acetanilide) (regensburg. de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/Grafik/box_brom_ar1. gif) The second figure illustrates the process used in the laboratory to form bromoacetanilide. Recrystallization is of key importance in the experiment because this method is used to obtain the crystals. Recrystallization is a purification technique that removes impurities from a sample. An impure solid is placed in a liquid for example water or ethanol. It is then heated making the solid dissolve into the solvent.When the solvent cools back down again, the solid will precipitate out of the solution and leave the impurities behind, still dissolved in the solvent. This method purifies the solid. Acetanilide has many uses in both pharmaceutical and manufacturing industry. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of penicillin and other pharmaceuticals. Originally it was the first aniline discovered to posses’ analgesic and antipyretic properties. A. Cahn and P. Hepp introduced it in the medical field in 1886. It was later to be discontinued in the medical field because of its toxic nature that was believed to cause cyanosis in the patient.Through further research it was also discovered that acetanilide is metabolized in the body to form paracetamol which was responsible for the analgesic and antipyretic property. Acetanilide is also used as an inhibitor in hydrogen pe roxide and is used to stabilize cellulose ester varnishes. It is also used in intermediation in rubber accelerator synthesis, dyes and dye intermediate synthesis and camphor synthesis. It is also used in the manufacture of sulfa drugs as it used for the production of 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride, which is a key intermediate during this manufacture. METHOD 4. g of acetanilide was placed in a 100cm3 conical flask. It was then dissolved by adding 20 cm3 of glacial acetic acid, which was measured out in a measuring cylinder. 7. 0 cm3 was dispensed directly into the conical flask by use of a burette in one portion. The flask was then swirled to mix the contents. It was then covered with a clock glass and left in the fume hood for precisely 30 minutes long and swirled occasionally during the duration. Aqueous sodium hydrogen sulphite solution was added into the beaker until the red colour of the reactant disappeared this was to ensure that excess bromine formed during the reaction was destroyed. Feature Article –Â  Free-Radical BrominationThe lumps of solid found in the bottom of the flask were broken up to ensure no trapped bromine remained. As a precaution the first part of the experiment, which is outlined above, was carried out in a fumed cupboard. The flask was then taken out of the cupboard and the solid was then filtered by suction filtration using a Buchner funnel and washed with distilled water (2x 25cm3 portions). As much water as possible was removed from the solid by suction filtration then transferred to a 100cm3 conical flask.The crude solid was recrystallized by use of a minimum volume of a mixture of ethanol and water in the ratio 2: 1 at its boiling point. This mixture was added in portions using a steam bath as a heat source. The clear solution was then set aside to cool to near room temperature. The flask was cooled thoroughly in an ice/water bath afterwards the crystals were collected by suction filtration using a Hirsch funnel. The crystals were then washed with approximately 1cm3 of ice-cold ethanol/water mixture, dried by suction filtration and the mass and melting point range recorded.RESULTS Mass of empty weighing boat | 2. 25g| Mass of empty weighing boat+crystals| 5. 09g| Mass of crystals| 2. 8g| Melting range| 162 – 170C | DISCUSSION Bromine is generally a toxic, corrosive and a severe irritant to lung and eye tissues. Necessary precautions were taken during the experiment. One of the precautions taken was handling of the bromine solution in the reaction was done in a fumed cupboard. The excess bromine that was in the reaction was completely destroyed by adding aqueous sodium hydrogen sulphite solution.Protective gloves were worn to prevent the bromine liquid, ethanoic acid and sodium hydrogen sulphite from irritating the skin, as they are all skin irritants. The reaction that was carried out in the first part of the experiment is an electrophilic aromatic substitution. In the electrophilic aromatic substituti on, an electrophile reacts with the benzene ring this result in an electrophile replacing hydrogen in one of the phenyl carbons such that the product of the reaction has the electrophile bonded to one of the phenyl carbon.We did not use aniline in this practical as it has carcinogenic properties instead we used acetic anyhidride which is a milder version. The other products formed in this reaction hydrogen bromide and can be collected by hydrolizing(removing the hydrogen) to obtain the bromine. The percentage yield of the rection was calculated as follows Maas of products was 2. 84g Molar mass of bromo acetanilide=214 0. 284/ 214 = 0. 00133 4. 5g of acetanilide used Molar mass = 135 0. 45/134 = 0. 003 Yield 0. 00133/0. 003x 100 = 44. 3% yield.As clearly illustrated the percentage yield is less than a 100% this could be due to a number of reasons like some of the solid might have been lost during the suction or while washing the crystals with the water and ethanol mixture the weighin g scales could also have been inaccurate. CONCLUSION Better practical methods are required during the experiment to ensure a 100% yield. REFERENCES http://www. mendelset. com/articles/680/preparation-recrystallization-acetanilide regensburg. de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/Grafik/box_brom_ar1. gif)

UNF Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of North Florida is a public university with an acceptance rate of 61%. Founded in 1969, and located in Jacksonville, Florida, UNF is part of the State University System of Florida. The colleges of Business and Arts and Sciences have the highest enrollments, with popular majors including business administration, communication studies, and psychology. In athletics, the UNF Ospreys compete in the NCAA Division I  Atlantic Sun Conference. Popular sports include basketball, golf, swimming, and track and field. Considering applying to the University of North Florida? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of North Florida had an acceptance rate of 61%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 61 students were admitted, making UNFs admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 14,330 Percent Admitted 61% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 28% SAT Scores and Requirements The University of North Florida requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 54% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 570 650 Math 550 630 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of UNFs admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to University of North Florida scored between 570 and 650, while 25% scored below 570 and 25% scored above 650. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 550 and 630, while 25% scored below 550 and 25% scored above 630. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1280 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at the University of North Florida. Requirements UNF does not require the SAT writing section. Note that the University of North Florida participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. At UNF, SAT Subject tests are not required. ACT Scores and Requirements UNF requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 46% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 21 27 Math 19 25 Composite 21 27 The admissions data tells us that most of UNFs admitted students fall within the top 42% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to UNF received a composite ACT score between 21 and 27, while 25% scored above 27 and 25% scored below 21. Requirements The University of North Florida does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, UNF superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for UNFs incoming freshmen class was 3.91, and over 62% of students had average GPAs of 3.75 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to the University of North Florida have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of North Florida Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the University of North Florida. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The University of North Florida, which accepts over 60% of applicants, has a somewhat selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being admitted. However, UNF also recalculates applicants GPAs giving extra weight to college preparatory coursework including AP, IB, AICE, dual enrollment, and honors classes. Applicants are required to have four years of English and math, three years of natural science and social science, and two years of a single foreign language. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students, so you can see that successful applicants tended to have grades and test scores that were average or better. The great majority of accepted students had GPAs of 3.0 or better, ACT composite scores of  20 or higher, and a combined SAT score (ERWM) of above 1000. The chances for admission improve if your grades and test scores are above these lower ranges, and many applicants have grades in the A range. If You Like UNF, You Might Be Interested in These Other Florida Colleges and Universities Eckerd  |  Embry-Riddle  |  Flagler  |  Florida  |  Florida Atlantic  |  FIU  |  Florida State  |  Miami  |  New College |  UCF|  USF  |  U of Tampa  |   All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Admissions Statistics and University of North Florida Undergraduate Admissions Office.